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其实这个国家在很大程度上跟中国相似但它妈的又在很多方面比中国神奇的多09月25日从上海出发飞加尔各答（2天），途经大吉岭（4天）———瓦拉纳西（5天）———克久拉霍（2天）———欧恰（6天）———普什卡（5天）———焦特普尔（3天）———杰伊瑟尔梅尔（8天）———库里（2天）———比卡内尔（1）———阿姆利则（2天）———达兰萨拉（4天）———里希盖什（7天）———赫尔德瓦尔（3天）———阿格拉（6天）———拘尸加耶（3天）———尼泊尔（29天）———拉萨（9天）———上海沙漠小村库里的沙丘阿姆利则的金庙达兰萨拉的金发女郎在加尔各答住在了背包客聚集地SUDDER STREET（萨德街），一个很平民化的地方清晨的萨德街正是劳苦大众忙着在街边的公共水龙头洗刷身体的时候流浪狗也在小巷子寻觅着食物街边的流浪儿早晨的去茶馆喝点印度茶再配一些小甜品糕点打出租车去5年前曾做过义工的特蕾莎仁爱之家仁爱之家旁边的一座神庙神庙旁边的水池供信徒们沐浴到了印度人力三轮车一定要去坐坐在萨德街比较了一下，就是这家兑换店公道一些，人民币可以换到8.3卢比店主也比较好说话喝甜茶、奶昔用的土陶碗土陶碗是一次性用品，喝完一杯后就摔碎掉。。。萨德街的路边小食摊背包客们的最爱要了一碗价廉物美的韩国泡饭因为5年前在加尔各答玩了6天，所以这次呆了2天就离开乘坐夜班火车去大吉岭。([]
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周礼依Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, ";Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]
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潘心盛从西藏回来一周了，不知是醉氧还是心逗留在那，时不时恍惚之间，思绪又飘到了喜马拉雅山脉的山谷里，七天所经历的一幕幕，又会浮现在眼前。古人说：山中方七日，世上已千年。好在真不是这么回事，我的亲人们、我的朋友们依然年轻、依然健康，正因为有了他（她）们的牵挂、祝福，经历了路上爆胎、车子冲下路基差点翻到沟里、车子追尾等等有惊无险的花絮后，平安归来。 有朋友说：雪山和大海是看不腻的！我同意，看着雪山或大海，的确可以发一天的呆。所以这几年来，夏天看海拍海，秋天进山拍雪峰，成了我的摄影主。今年的秋摄计划早在几个月前就确定，每个周末的爬山拉练只为这次徒步之旅，时不时担忧自己的体能、时不时担忧自己半月板已破碎的膝关节如何能应付这高海拔的连续徒步之旅，但我知道一点，现在不去，以后可能身体真的去不了了，抱着即使膝关节再伤害得重一点也要走一趟的决心，踏上了这趟旅程。 感谢这次同行的三位朋友：亚克西、言语、和曦，从订机票、联系住宿、租车、租牦牛、徒步之中的食、住。。。无一不为这趟之旅付出了辛勤的汗水。七天徒步行程：第一天：曲当乡--优帕村--晓乌措第二天：晓乌措--卓湘第三天：卓湘--热嘎第四天：热嘎--白当第五天：白当--热嘎第六天：热嘎--错学仁玛第七天：错学仁玛--伦珠林村--优帕村 珠峰东坡，在国内并不算特别有名气的徒步线路，但在国外驴友界却名声显赫。珠峰东坡和嘎玛沟在上世纪被美国和英国探险家赞誉为 “世界十大景观”之一、“世界上最美丽的山谷”、“世界十大经典徒步线路之一”。因其整个徒步线在珠峰自然保护区内，风景非震震撼，珍稀野生动植物繁多，同时可以欣赏到珠峰（世界第一）、洛子峰（世界第四）、马卡鲁峰（世界第五）。 此地区的特点主要是海拔高（平均海拔在4000m以上），雪山融水形成湖泊众多，天气好时能近距离欣赏雪山的震撼之美。线路上人迹罕至，生态原始，水源丰富，珍稀动植物时有所见，星星点点的高山湖泊如宝石般散布，加之嘎玛沟沟谷幽深，景色非常之迷人。 我们的徒步之旅，前几天是令人非常沮丧的，云雾太重，象第四天的行程，路上都没拍过一张，而带去的五块相机电池，最后剩下三块都没有用，因为每天吃过晚饭就开始下雨下雪，曝高原星空的愿望一直没能达成，但上天和神山还算关照，把好天气留在了最后两天，把大家最为看重的雪山倒影完美展现出来，所以总的来说，这一趟还算不虚此行。卓湘营地的早晨汤湘观景台白当营地看珠穆朗卓峰 晨拍珠穆隆索峰、洛子峰、珠峰 (从左至右）日出前天空泛起玫瑰红日照三峰晶莹剔透钻石山冰雪霜遥相呼应徒步七天感想良多，无奈怕打字，就不必矫情感概！下面按时间顺序用图片做个流水帐。俺一直建议进藏的航班选择个靠窗的位置，有机会航拍到雪山就赚到！可惜俺的航班太晚，再加上航班延误半个小时，只能抓住夕阳的一点尾巴拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡2.青稞熟了拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡3.不是新都桥，也有红草地拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡4.拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡5几米阳光？拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡6.拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡7.第二天就中秋节，好多年没在外面过了！本想从深圳带两个月饼过节吃也好，做路餐吃也好，但想到月饼易碎衣压遂放弃。没想到中秋这天，在曲丹乡转了半天也没找到月饼卖，好在和我们同行程的另一个安徽团的驴友带了几个月饼，中秋之夜和他们聊天之际吃了一点，表示过了这节，安徽团友如果看到此贴，俺再次表示感谢！拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡8.久乌拉垭口，世界上最好的雪山观景台，全球14座八千米以上的五座雪山尽收眼底，珠峰右边是卓奥友峰、希夏邦马峰、珠峰的左边是洛子峰、马卡鲁峰拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡9.珠峰巨大的金字塔山体矗立在蓝天下 拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡10卓奥友峰美轮美奂拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡11.此情此景忍不住和神山合影一张多谢各位朋友的支持、鼓励、欣赏，由于时间关系我就不一一回复了！第一天徒步路线：曲当乡(海拔3700m)——优帕村——晓乌错（4700米）上升900米 这是让我崩溃的一天，背着单反一机三头，三脚架，路餐，保暖衣服，1公斤的饮用水，整个背包合计28斤左右，然后从曲当乡开始徒步（很多队伍是从曲当乡坐车到优帕村开始徒步的，这样可以少走八九公里），翻不完的垭口，永远不够吸的高原稀薄空气中的氧气，1公斤的饮用人还剩1/3的路程就喝光，累、渴，每翻过一个垭口就希望能看到营地点，在无数次的失望之后，在麻木地拖动着疲惫的脚步往前的时候，终于走到了晓无措营地，时间已经快来到下午六点，乌云满天，晚霞没戏，疲惫、反胃，一头钻进帐篷睡去，直到同伴煮好面条喊起来随便吃点。躺在帐篷一瞬间，突然萌发了明天下山吧！我这体力可能撑不完全程，但又想可能今天背负不当，背的东西太多，饮用水太少，还有不该从曲当乡开始徒步，浪费了时间和体力。。。不想那么多了，明早起来再看身体条件再定，帐篷外飞起毛毛细雨，沉沉睡去，夜间又醒来无数次，高海拔地方始终睡得不踏实。12曲当乡——晓乌错13背了一天的三脚架，就路上按了两张流水慢门曲当乡——晓乌错14 第二天徒步行程：晓乌错（4700米）——-小乌拉（4900米）——卓湘（4000米） 第二天早上起来，觉得身体状况不错，又有信心接着往下走，可惜出帐篷一看，雪山呢？以前看过驴友们在晓乌错拍的雪山全都在云里雾里，比较沮丧，既然没啥好拍的，晓乌措也没啥好留恋的了，收拾东西走人。鉴于第一天负重过多，累得半死，毫不犹豫地把两个镜头、三脚架、头灯等全装到驮包内，让牦牛去驮吧，路餐也减了一半，顿时觉得包轻了不少，出发吧！15.别人拍的晓无措有雪山，可惜俺的眼里只有云和雾了晓乌错－－卓湘16.远处的湖就是晓乌措，第一天的营地就扎在湖边晓乌错－－卓湘17.歇会儿吧！晓乌错－－卓湘18.左边还有个更大的海子晓乌错－－卓湘19.小乌拉山口，马卡鲁雪山露了半个脸，好像在鼓励我们继续往前晓乌错－－卓湘20.我们满怀信心，相信一定会云开雾散，雪山会和我们坦诚相见晓乌错－－卓湘21.可惜高原气候多变，越走雾越大，别说拍雪山，连前行的路都快看不清了，收起相机专心赶路，时间过了两天没拍到一张满意的照片，雪山也才露了半个脸，急，真让人急！在下了很多很多坡后，在下坡时脚趾被鞋子挤得隐隐作痛时，终于看到卓湘营地。晓乌错－－卓湘22.安营扎寨，烧火做饭。由于第一天在晓无错到营地就倒下，今天状态不错，所以东转转西逛逛，好奇牦牛工带了啥吃的，藏耙、青稞、酥油茶、藏酒，不得不承认他们自己酿的藏酒很不错，后来几天，我们开始讨，后来用食品换，饱了几次口福。晓乌错－－卓湘23..有时世界真的很小，在茫茫的喜马拉雅山脉中，在同一个营地碰到来自深圳的走陈家塘的队伍，而我们的同伴和他们的队员居然是相识好久的老友，大家言谈甚欢，当晚在篝火旁，在他们年轻活泼的藏族小伙向导的带领下，大家又唱又跳，玩得很HIGH。第三天徒步行程：卓湘（4000米）－－汤湘（4500）－－热嘎（4200米）这天的徒步行程终点原计划到汤湘营地的，但昨晚走陈塘沟的队伍建议我们多走一个多小时到热嘎安营扎寨，因为汤湘营地取水又远又困难，我们关心的是哪个营地漂亮的？后来徒步到汤湘，才发现的确取水很困难，所以又接着徒步到热嘎，没想到热嘎也很漂亮。24.由于前晚玩得很HIGH，加上营地海拔较低，睡得都很踏实，第二天醒来一看天都亮了！卓湘－－热嘎25.扭头一看，西边的雪山露出来了，马上穿衣，扛起三角架，跑到小溪边，场景很梦幻哦
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林怡如写在前面： 你想去印度吗？ 我第一次听到这句话是在07年的拉萨，一个奶茶馆，当一个藏族人知道我去尼泊尔之后。 哦？印度？当时脑子里有过那么一闪念。 再次听到，是去年在泰国，当时遇到的同伴对印度很向往。，可我还不知道我是否可行。在去年的游记完成之后，查阅了相关的信息，发现，原来是可以的，于是，看游记，做功课，订机票。。。。。。。 真是一次漫长的等待。 今年的十月，当我坐在飞往加尔各达的航班上，对我的同伴说：明明是坐的飞机，怎么却象在坐过山车呢？ 当时并不知道，这种情绪几乎贯穿了整个印度，上下起伏着，带着兴奋和不安。 费用：约8600人民币 线路：苏州-上海-吉隆坡-加尔各达-格雅-瓦位纳西-克久拉霍-欧洽-德里-阿格拉-斋普尔-乌代普尔-焦特普尔-伊斯伊梅尔-比卡内尔-阿姆利则-德里-奥兰加巴德-海德拉巴-金奈-默哈伯利布勒姆-金奈-吉隆坡-上海-苏州。 拍这张照片的时候，我已经在加尔各达的机场待了一夜，天刚亮。 初印象是：入境很容易，印度人相当随意，公共场所不太顾及别人。机场不但有持枪的军人，还经常有警犬巡视，但气氛并不紧张。 这是加尔各达的印度博物馆。 加尔各达是印度第二大城市，从机场到背包客聚集区萨德街，我和同伴选择了大巴，这个过程让我见识到很多熟悉的画面，二名男性勾着小手指，拥挤的交通，好喝的CHAI。 找好住处，换好钱，办好手机卡已经是下午了，于是选择了离住处不远的印度博物馆。 这是印度最老的博物馆，第一次体会到外国人的优越性，一进售票处，就被保安领到最前面，本地人都在那里排着队呢，当然，我们的票价是他们的15倍。 这个厅还算吸引我的视线，呈列的都是各时期的石雕。很多地方都是空白，贴着一张纸，让同伴看过才知道，它们去了中国展出，我来到印度看它们，它们却去了我的国家，好微妙。 更微妙的是：我和同伴被要求站在一起拍合影，从去年遇到到今年，印象里从未跟他合过影。那人拍了我俩之后，道了谢转身离开，咦？他要我俩的照片干嘛？ 随后又被邀请数次合影，我基本一看就闪，同伴数次牺牲色相。 这个厅还算吸引我的视线，呈列的都是各时期的石雕。很多地方都是空白，贴着一张纸，让同伴看过才知道，它们去了中国展出，我来到印度看它们，它们却去了我的国家，好微妙。 更微妙的是：我和同伴被要求站在一起拍合影，从去年遇到到今年，印象里从未跟他合过影。那人拍了我俩之后，道了谢转身离开，咦？他要我俩的照片干嘛？ 随后又被邀请数次合影，我基本一看就闪，同伴数次牺牲色相。 ：） 10月17日一早，萨德街。 这红墙和白墙之内就是印度博物馆。 那个水桶里应该装的是他们的饮用水，架在砖上的是做饭的锅。 棚里是睡觉的地方。 那边，早起的人在喝CHAI，从昨天出机场尝过之后，就特别喜欢，我也去喝一杯。 用陶土的杯装了，很环保。 这边喝完，转个街再找地方喝，这个摊很热闹，我也过去和他们坐在一起。 大家相互拍呗。 坐在那里喝着，看着。忽然，坐在边上的小伙子把耳机的一端，插进我的耳朵里，里面传出的是印度歌，是他喜欢的吧。虽然有点惊讶，但我喜欢这样的善意。 今天上午的计划是去特蕾莎修女创办的motherhouse（仁爱之家）做一天的义工，但我们并不认识路。 在不断问路的时候，遇见一个人，表示可以带我们去。 他给我的印象是个拾荒者，他向我们介绍了自己的名字，家人，和家庭的一些情况，这个场景，在很多游记里都有记载，无非是带路，收取小费。但我印象很深的是二点，一是：他数次为自己的衣冠不整道歉（他的衬衣上有一个不小的划口），二是，在拿到50卢比（人民币5元）之后，他不仅用英语说谢谢，还一直问我的同伴，谢谢的中文怎么说，用中文向我表达了谢意。 仁爱之家总部小小的门口。 若不是那人带领，我们应该是无法在别人出发之前赶到。 以至于，我们都没来得及参观特蕾莎修女陵墓。刚找到一个中国人，就开始了某些“仪式”？ 先是唱基督的歌曲，我不会，只能低着头听着，然后是请最后一天做义工的人走出来，唱感恩歌，看着很多人，眼中闪着泪光。 唱罢，分组。那个中国人去的是垂死之家，同样是中国人，自然想去同一个地方，他让我们去修女那里登记，因为我们没有特别说明，所以分派的字条上写着Prem Dan（老人之家，照顾需要长期照料但不垂死的老人）。 领队的是个智利人，每年来加尔各达做一个月义工，已经几年。这一队里有三个东方面孔，来自三个国家：马来西亚，韩国，中国。 在这里服务，男女是分开的，这让我一下慌了神，语言不通该如何是好？ 韩国的那个女孩，帮我拿来围裙和手套，指给我放包的地方。当我们进到宿舍的时候，能移动的人已经出去了，床已经搬开，用消毒水拖地，擦床垫，重新把床摆好，铺床单，然后就是去室外帮助向那些老人分发食物。 把分好的食物拿到她们面前，有行动不便的，需要喂食的，要喂她们吃下。在我东张西望想知道该做什么的时候，我被招到一个老人面前，这应该是个中风的病人，她被斜绑在椅子上，看着我，不能说话。 奶茶冲的米花是很烫的，她知道我是新人，虽然看着我每次都先吹凉，但还是用嘴唇试着温度，她坐不直，我们俩都很努力的尽量能一次把一勺的米花吃完，我很紧张，不知道怎么做会更好些。先喂的都是干的部分，最后的那些奶茶是实在不在我的能力范围之内，我向一个老的义工求助，她告诉我应该怎么处理，但很快发现，我根本听不懂，于是她接了过去。 不知不觉到了休息的时间，男性的义工们也都过来坐在一起喝奶茶，大家聊着天。 十几个人中只有二个来自相同的国家，真是个多国的部队，只有我和同伴二人是一天的义工。 这是休息时间，大家坐下喝奶茶，聊天。 休息总是短暂的，下面更加忙碌些。 替老人按MO头部，跟她们一起玩拼图，喂中饭。 送她们回房间的时候，才发现，残疾的人比我想的要多，有些需要坐轮椅，有些是自己坐在地上撑着回去的。 最后一次搀扶一个老人回房间之后，我被另一个老人招手叫到床前。我看看四周，义工只有我一个，我知道她，我们到的时候，她就在跟老的义工打招呼，看着是个性格活泼的人，似乎看不出患有疾病的样子，她叫我干嘛呢？ 我走到她的床边，她对我微笑着，捧起我的脸，亲吻我的双颊，双手合十对我说着谢谢。 禁不住，泪流满面。 离开的时候，回望Prem Dan。 回程，因为大家大多都住在萨德周围，所以没有再搭公车回去仁爱之家的总部， 领队帮我们打TUTU直接回到萨德。 在印度，TUTU是主要的交通工具之一，这里的TUTU比泰国小很多，因为是固定的线路，领队帮我们谈好价钱（一般对外国人都会开高价），分几批，让我们坐上去。四个大人挤在后面一排，那是绝对无法动弹的，坐在最外面的闻侨（我的同伴）甚至脚都放不进来。 加尔各达拥挤的交通，TUTU的横冲直撞，那一程，真是心惊肉跳。其实一直到离开印度，我坐TUTU的时候都会不安，但必须承认，没有出过意外。 回到旅馆，退房，存包，找地儿吃饭吧。在街上晃着，看见早上一起的那个韩国女孩和昨天误以为我是韩国人的另一个韩国女孩都坐在路边吃饭，禁不住好奇，第二天就吃起了路边摊。另一个韩国的女生，第一次来印度，，哪儿都没去，就待在儿童之家做义工，已经三个月了，说是刚去的时候也是天天都在哭，现在已经习惯了。 下午，去了多利亚纪念堂，明明还在开放的时间，不知为何却不让我们进入，只能离开。 走走晃晃，天色渐晚，今晚就要坐火车离开了。 终于，要见识印度的火车了，传说中经常晚点，不报站名，名字会贴在车门口的火车是什么样的呢？ 在印度，火车无疑是最重要的交通工具，历史悠久，网线遍布各处。而它的实名制，也实行近百年。 这一次的印度之行，火车也是做为首选的交通工具。为了在排灯节（印度三大节日之一)前，赶到瓦拉纳西，闻桥在官网上注册，并提前订购了二程火车票。今晚，是我们的第一程。 尽管印度火车站的画面几十次，数百次的出现在我面前，但我到达豪拉火车站之后，还是感到震惊。候车室的地上，坐着，躺着，满满都是人，黑压压的几大片，甚至我们都找不到合适的地方。 上到二楼的AC候车室（印度火车卧铺分为AC1、AC2、AC3、SL四等），外国人的优势再一次得到体现，查票的人数次从我们面前经过，却都跳过（我们的票是SL，不可以进AC的候车室）。 闻侨每隔一段时间，就下楼去看电子屏，回来对我说很奇怪，比我们时间晚的车次都已经公布站台，而我们的班次却迟迟没有信息，问过值班室，说没有问。 再晚些的时候，答案终于揭晓，我们的火车改道了。那对我们有影响吗？问了值班室的结果是无任何影响，但总觉得放心不下，官网上去搜了站名，再搜了公告找出地图对比，我们要去的格雅，被跳过了。。。。。。。 那怎么办？公告是改道五天，延期不可能，唯一的办法是到最近的站点下车，然后转车。所有经济上的损失和下一程的车票，都由我们自行负担。 第一次见识到印度铁道的随意性（提前无任何通知），却也无可奈何，只能期望下一班车票能顺利买到。 上车，找铺，检票（印度火车站，进站是不用查票的，上车后，卧铺车厢会来检票），睡觉。 一晚的辗转，这是第二天早上，停靠的一个小站。 SL车厢，不锁车门，在门口坐了一会，迎着风，把脚伸出门外，感觉很自由。 天亮以后，便躺不住，从上辅下来坐到下辅（印度卧铺车厢没有座位，在我们座位的位置，是二层的边铺）。 车厢里，一直有小贩进出，叫卖着CHAI和各种小吃的东西。旁边边下铺坐着二个印度人，买了带壳的花生，示意要给我吃，推了二次之后，便接过几个，自己剥来吃。我跟他们说，我是中国人，但明显，他们并没有反应，看来是不懂英语。 递了二次之后，看我不好意思一直拿，竟然帮我剥好一把花生仁，再递过来。此后一直继续这个步骤，当然也没少了我的同伴。这是我第二次感受到普通印度人的善意。 晚点三小时之后，到了帕特纳，所幸后面的车票购买十分顺利，但原本只有六小时的车程，延到了十四小时。 格雅并不是我们要去的地方，我们想去的是十公里之外的菩提迦耶。去看一棵树，那棵菩提树。 大菩提寺，高52米，始建于公元前三年，由阿育王建造，后几经修缮，于2002年被列为世界文化遗产。 虽然是清早，但已经有各国的僧人在此念经了。 光脚踩在石板上（进寺庙不能穿鞋），那是相当的凉。 看见一队小和尚，远远的跑过来，感觉上，大部分象是藏族的孩子。（这里有藏寺庙，还有藏人村） 待我转到后面的时候，他们已经列队站好，在唱佛歌，各国信徒们纷纷站在前面合影、布施。 这就是那棵菩提树。 其实这不是那棵的本株，本来的树已经被毁，这株是阿育王时代带去斯里兰卡的分枝，后又从斯里兰卡移回。 树下，是金刚座。 再转过去，这一隅，是藏传佛教的区域，很多僧人，在长叩。 这是在藏区最为长见的场面，所以找了一处空地，坐下想吃点饼干。 刚一坐下，就有狗狗围上来，我知道它们是想要些吃的东西，但它们也不会去抢你手中的东西，只会趴在你的身边，脚塔在你的脚上，非常温顺的样子。 饿了，回去吃饭，正好遇上住在同一旅馆的中国人，叫上一起，这是第一次吃印度式套餐，当时觉得，味道还不错。 其实这里还有各国的很多寺庙，昨天傍晚已经去粗粗转过。 所以，这天的黄昏，还是再去了大菩提寺。 黄昏的大菩提寺，各国的僧侣都以自己的方式在参拜者，但给我的感觉并不太好，似乎各自为营，又似乎有些哗众取宠，总之不是那么纯粹。 那塔下，便是那棵树，真真是枝繁叶茂。 夜了，那一点点的，不是星星，而是--飞虫。 又到了离开的时候，今晚，是第二程火车，还会有变化吗？([]
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毛怡君几个月前来到驴友论坛，此地高人辈出，令人惊叹不已。看帖看久了也想贡献一点自己的经验，但我没有上山下海的体力与毅力，我的工作也不允许请太长的假，要说户外活动，实在没有拿得出手的东西，想了又想，只有2007年去新西兰的自助旅游还值得一看，于是就整理一下，发了上来。事先声明，我是台湾人，我知道有很多事物在两岸有不同称呼，例如我去的New ZEALand这个国家，你们称为新西兰，我们则称为纽西兰。入境随俗，我会尽量用你们的说法，但是这篇游记内容繁多，我不可能事事求证。如果你们觉得有些句子怪怪的，那就是台湾习惯的说法，也许我疏忽了没有改正，或者我不知道你们会怎么说，请见谅。新西兰由两个大岛组成，也就是北岛和南岛。这是我和老婆在2007年春节去新西兰北岛自助旅游半个月的游记，只去群岛湾（Bay of Islands，北岛着名景点）和奥克兰（Auckland，新西兰最大城市）两个地点，游记大纲如下。2月18日：高空云层、奥克兰、派希亚的晚餐2月19日：派希亚的清晨、我们住的汽车旅馆、熟悉环境、罗素小镇、晚餐2月20日：哈鲁鲁瀑布、到处闲逛、糖船餐厅2月21日：出发之前、海湾巡航、返回派希亚、晚餐2月22日：海豚发现之旅、再访乌鲁普卡普卡岛、水下风光、归途、再访糖船2月23日：清晨出发、公路休息站、九十哩海滩、沙丘滑行、瑞因格岬角、午餐和点心、巨木森林、晚餐和姜汁汽水2月24日：出发之前、海滨步道、欧普瓦的周末市集、森林步道、预约的晚餐2月25日：被放鸽子的高空跳伞2月26日：三访乌鲁普卡普卡岛、晚餐2月27日：清晨的日出、空中俯瞰群岛湾2月28日：出发之前、奥克兰的旅馆、外出逛街、亚伯特公园、夜景3月1日：晨景、奥克兰大学、失望的玫瑰花园、奥克兰公园3月2日：迪芬港一日游、晚餐、奥克兰灯节3月3日：到处走走、海事博物馆、墨西哥晚餐、尾声 2月18日高空云层出发时还是冬季，台北总是灰天暗地，凄风苦雨，感觉很郁闷。到纽西兰就不一样了，二月是当地天气最好的月份，清晨在飞机上醒来，就看到一望无际的蓝天白云，预报一个美好的假期。照片上奇怪的七彩颜色是偏光镜造成的，不知为何，在高空就会这样。整个行程我都把偏光镜装在镜头上，懒得拿下来了。2月18日奥克兰一下飞机就坐巴士到市中心的巴士站，离出发还有一段时间，就在附近逛一逛。回复 roray 的帖子谢啦！您是第一个回复的码头边的渡船大楼(Ferry Building)。 码头的一角 刚离开码头的渡船。这一家Fullers在奥克兰和群岛湾都有据点，经营渡船和当地旅游业务，我们这一次旅游都搭乘他们的渡船，也参加了他们的三个旅**程。（旅.游.行.程.当中的游.行.被河蟹了 ）码头旁的街景，周日的下午，街道颇为冷清。 2月18日 派希亚的晚餐坐了十小时的飞机到奥克兰，又坐了四小时的巴士才到群岛湾(Bay of Islands)的门户小镇派希亚(Paihia)，抵达时已经是晚上七点，终于到了，好累啊。 我们在派希亚的住宿地点是停泊点汽车旅馆(Anchorage Motel)。旅馆就在海边，沿海的路上有一整排餐厅。第一天的晚餐选择了隔壁的六号餐馆(Cafe No. 6)。六号餐馆和海滩只隔着一条马路，这一带的餐厅有很多座位设在户外，我老婆正在看菜单。 绿唇胎贝(green lip mussel)，用白葡萄酒煮，加大蒜、西洋芹(parsley)、橄榄油、柠檬汁，新鲜又美味。 这是spreads & dips，spread是用来涂抹面包的酱，dip是用面包沾来吃的酱。盘子左边有四个小格，分盛四种酱料。黑色是陈年义大利醋，黄色是特纯橄榄油(extra virgin olive oil)，白色是黄瓜优格酱，橘色是兼具咸酸甜味的奇怪果酱，还有面包、黑橄榄、生菜叶，随个人喜好自由搭配。典型的生菜沙拉。 2月19日 派希亚的清晨群岛湾是纽西兰的旅游重镇，但是本身的人口不多，这一带的小镇都是几千人的规模，派希亚也不例外。这个海边小屋就在我们的旅馆对面，出租帆船、小艇、自行车等运动器材。旅馆前的海边道路。这里的房屋旁边都有宽广的草坪和大树，令人羡慕。看下面的房屋就知道这棵树有多高，如果在圣诞节来个张灯结彩，会是非常壮观的圣诞树，不知道他们会不会这样做。 这里的房屋不是整片都一个样，而是各有特色小小油罐车，给直升机加油用的 从旅馆走十几分钟就到了码头，在码头边的一家咖啡屋吃早餐。柠檬酸乳酪蛋糕，烤得太干了，不好。([]
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黄美靖斯里兰卡是印度半岛南端印度洋中的一个岛国，北临孟加拉湾，西濒阿拉伯海，为印度洋东西方海上交通必经之地面积65610平方公里。人口1580万(1985)。僧伽罗人占72％,泰米尔人占20.5％,摩尔人占 6.7％，柏格人和马来人占 0.8％。僧伽罗语为官方语言，泰米尔语为民族语言，社会上层通用英语。居民67.3％信奉佛教，17.6％信奉印度教，7.9％信奉基督教，7.1％信奉伊斯兰教。首都科伦坡。中国古书称之为师子国僧伽罗国、僧诃罗国等。僧伽罗系梵语 Simhala一词的音译，意为狮子。古代阿拉伯航海家称其为“宝岛.锡兰”目前“锡兰”一称仍通用。如对斯里兰卡有兴趣的朋友，有想到斯里兰卡自助游的兴趣（附带说一句，斯里兰卡和中国一向友好，是最适合中国人去自助游的国家之一）；可跟贴就你所想详细了解和有疑问的地方提出，我会尽量详细就我所知解答。下文预告；本人独自在印度自助流浪历时23天，从印度最东面的加尔各答横穿到印度最西面的阿姆利则，沿途所见所闻精彩粉呈。近期将整理出来以飨各位朋友。斯里兰卡有两千多年文字记载的历史。来自南亚次大陆北部的雅利安移民约在公元前 6世纪来到兰卡岛，先在沿海地区落脚，然后沿河流向内地迁移，建立若干沿河村落并种植水稻。移民中最强大的是僧伽罗人。这一名称后来成了所有移民的共同名称。雅利安移民的政治制度是婆罗门式的。在南印度种姓制度影响下，逐渐形成斯里兰卡独特的种姓制度，构成了僧伽罗村社制度的基础。 2500年前，来自北印度的雅利安人移民至锡兰岛建立了僧伽罗王朝。前247年，印度孔雀王朝的阿育王派其子来岛弘扬佛教，受到当地国王的欢迎，从此僧伽罗人摈弃婆罗门教而改信佛教。公元前2世纪前后，南印度的泰米尔人也开始迁徙并定居锡兰岛。从公元5世纪至16世纪，岛内僧伽罗王国和泰米尔王国之间征战不断。16世纪初先后被葡萄牙（1505—1658）和荷兰（1658—1796）统治。 18世纪末，斯里兰卡成为英国殖民地，并在二战中成为盟军在南亚对抗日军入侵的海军基地。当时的锡兰总督兼三军总司令是以善于调和种族关系而著称的郝德杰（任锡兰总督时间为1937.10.16—1944.9.19）。1948年2月4日获得独立，定国名锡兰。1972年5月22日改称斯里兰卡共和国。1978年8月16日改国名为斯里兰卡民主社会主义共和国。斯里兰卡自助游，分别为：文化之旅、海滨之旅、高山之旅和生态之旅。一、文化之旅。在斯里兰卡这个小小岛屿国家中，分布着与埃及一样多的，共6处世界遗产，可谓是个奇迹。充分展示了斯里兰卡有文字记载的2000多年的文明史。由皇城康提、圣城阿努拉德普勒、古城波隆纳鲁沃这3个城市构成的三角区，被称为“文化金三角”。在这个三角区内，汇聚了多达5处该国的世界文化遗产。这里有巨大的古建筑群；有2500多年前的宫殿和石刻；有古都的遗址、花岗岩的雕像、高耸入云的巨型舍利塔。参观、体验这些文化遗产，可令人充满惊奇和振奋，焕发人的灵感，让人感受到这是一次文化之旅、精神之旅。1、“文化金三角”世界遗产分布情况。（1）康提（Kandy）一处：佛牙寺（Temple of Tooth Relics）。（2）丹布勒（Dumbulla）二处：丹布勒金庙石窟（The Golden Temple and Rock Temple of Dambulla）、锡吉里耶狮子岩（Sigiriya the Lion Rock）。（3）阿努拉德普勒（Anuradhapura）一处：由菩提树、千柱寺，及数个超巨型舍利塔组成。（4）波隆纳鲁沃（Polonnaruwa）一处：嘎里亚那（Galvihara）古城遗址。（5）南海之滨的世界文化遗产。斯里兰卡全国共6处世界文化遗产中，有5处在“文化金三角”，另一处在南海之滨的加勒（Galle）。是17世纪建造的，位于一座岛礁上的荷兰城堡。 二、海滨之旅。斯里兰卡这个海岛拥有1340公里长的海岸线，以及数百个沙滩。这些沙滩中，已经开发出来，供游人休闲的多达几十个。其数量之多，质量之好，环境之美，都是绝无仅有的。这是大自然对斯里兰卡人民的慷慨赐予。斯里兰卡的海滨度假胜地，集中在这个海岛的西南部海岸。在不到200公里长的距离中，大大小小已经开发出的海滩就有几十个。其中几个较大的海滩各具特色、名声在外。 1、几个值得一去的主要海滩。（1）尼甘布（Negombo）距科伦坡37公里，距国际机场仅有6公里。因其位置优势，这里常年吸引了大量刚刚到达，或者准备离开斯里兰卡的各国游客。这里也是首都科伦坡民众节假日最好的休闲之地。（2）卡卢特勒（Kalutara）距科伦坡42公里。这里除了拥有迷人的海滩和众多的五星级酒店外，还有一座庄严的3层佛教寺庙，以及里面的那座世界独一无二的空心佛塔。（3）本托塔（Bentota）距科伦坡62公里。这里有宽广如画的海滩；有大型海滨度假村和星级饭店；有独特的古董店；有斯里兰卡驰名建筑师巴瓦兄弟花园。在本托塔河上，游人还可乘船在内河游览和进行各种水上运动。（4）希克杜沃（Hikkaduwa）距科伦坡98公里。这里是全岛最有名的海滩之一。希克杜沃以潜水运动和珊瑚礁闻名。同样出名的还有冲浪和丰富多彩的夜生活。海边既有很多顶级海景酒店，附近也有背包客能接受的舒适客栈。（5）乌纳瓦吐纳（Unawatuna）距科伦坡116公里；距世界文化遗产，加勒的荷兰古城堡仅4公里。乌纳瓦吐纳号称世界12大顶级海滩之一。这里有奇妙的潜水区域；有像沙丁鱼罐头一样挤在一起的，让游人放松的沙滩；有丰富的夜生活；有许多性价比不高，但却符合市场经济规律，比三亚划算得多的酒店和度假村。（6）韦利格默（Weligama）距科伦坡143公里。这里风景迷人，绵延10多公里的海岸线上，全是大大小小的沙滩。海面上有端坐在木杆上垂钓的渔民和游弋的双体船；海岸边有名气很大，但规模很小的金枪鱼市场。（7）美蕊沙（Mirissa）距科伦坡155公里。这里的漂亮海湾，散发着原始、迷人的气息。游人们评价说：这里是斯里兰卡南部最美的海滩。在美蕊沙，除了冲浪、潜水、休闲外，最富特色，最吸引人的就是，在当年的11月至次年的5月，乘船出海看鲸鱼、海豚和飞鱼。（8）马特勒（Matara）距科伦坡163公里，公交大巴车程约5小时。这里是海岛南部顶端的一座大型海滨城市。在城边海岸的突出沙滩上，可以看到清晨太阳从海中冉冉升起，傍晚又从海中缓缓落下的罕见自然景观。这里还是游人去附近几个著名海滩远足的，最佳的中转站和大本营。（9）坦加勒（Tangalle）距科伦坡195公里。这里有世所罕见，几乎渺无人烟，拥有宽阔漂亮沙滩，长达10多公里，能够一览无遗的巨型、正圆形弧形海岸线。眼前不时跃出水面的银鱼，和那不断掠过水面的上百只海鸥，伴随着生生不息的海浪，引人遐想，令人忘我。（10）瑞卡瓦（Rekawa）距科伦坡205公里。在这里，在相应季节的夜晚满月时，可以看到从水下爬到沙滩上，自然繁殖的海龟，还可以与它们亲密接触。这就是高勒到科伦坡的海边火车。在就是传说的海边渔夫三、高山之旅。斯里兰卡有多样的地形地貌，以及由此带来多样化的气候和丰富多彩的自然景观。斯里兰卡南部山区有30多座上千米高的山峰。有这个海岛最高的，海拔2555米的皮杜鲁塔拉格勒山（Mount Pidurutalagala）。在山区的腹心地带，最有名，最受游客青睐的地方是努瓦勒埃利耶（Nuwara Eliya）。这里是斯里兰卡海拔最高的村镇，是美誉度最高的山区旅游胜地，有“小英格兰”之称。村镇周围有高尔夫球场和赛马场，附近有可供垂钓鳟鱼的湖泊、河流。夜晚在零度的气温下，人们穿冬衣戴皮帽，依偎在壁炉边烤火的情景，在这个只有夏天，没有春天、秋天，更没有冬天的热带岛屿上，构成一幅奇特的，引人入胜的自然、人文景观。距努瓦勒埃利耶不太远的南部地区，有景色优美，海拔超过2000米的山区高原霍顿平原（Horton Plains）。霍顿平原上最吸引人的景点是悬崖落差达1000多米，被人们描述得具有极大想象空间的：“世界的尽头（World’s End）”。科伦坡和康提都有公交车驶往努瓦勒埃利耶。行驶时间分别为3.5小时和2小时。距努瓦勒埃利耶同样不太远的东南部地区，有山区的另一个著名景点埃拉（Ella）。乘火车从努瓦勒埃利耶到埃拉，这条线路是世界上最美的火车线路之一。火车在海拔2000多米高的大片原始森林间，迎着茶园，穿过松涛，沿着陡峭的峡谷蜿蜒而行。真个是景在心中，人在画中。四、生态之旅。斯里兰卡除了无所不在，令人神往的海洋景观外，岛上森林密布、河流纵横，无数湖泊镶嵌其间。全岛有12个国家公园，52个自然保护区，占国土面积的12%。其中最著名的是位于海岛南部，被评为世界自然遗产的辛哈拉加森林保护区（Sinharaja Forest Reserve）。最吸引游人的是位于东南沿海的，巨型的自然保护区 —— 雅拉国家公园（Kumana National Park）。在康提附近，有几十头大象的人工保护区品纳维勒大象孤儿院；在狮子岩附近的米内日亚国家公园湖边，最多时可一次出现几十头野生大象；在波隆纳鲁沃的湖边，夕阳西下时，可一次见到数百只鸽子那么大的巨型蝙蝠；湖面上整天都能见到时而浮在水面，时而排队飞行的成千上万只水鸟；在南部海边瑞卡瓦的沙滩上，能在明月下见到上岸繁殖的海龟；在美蕊沙近海，可看到鲸鱼、海豚和飞鱼；......
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廖婉强《最后的藏地：甘青川大环线》 序2007年，随着一篇帖子误打误撞地进入了川西的藏区后，在接下去的几年，藏地，就像魔咒般地吸引着我。我和我的兄弟，因此，有了藏地五年计划。今年，是我们行游藏地的第五年，也是藏地五年计划的最后一年。五年来，我们很幸运，也很执著：07年，我们第一次来到了藏区。我们惊艳于新都桥的光影和八美的柔情；而穿越四姑娘让我们第一次有了驴的感觉。08年，贡嘎的壮美、剪子弯的高原草甸、外星球般的海子山、仙乃日的威严、雨崩的神秘和一妻多夫以及雨崩小学的张老师和十个小时的的梅里穿越，更给我烙下了深刻的印象。09年，我们终于走了川藏南线。跨过金沙江，真正来到了西藏。来古冰川、米堆冰川、嘎瓦龙雪山和天池。。。无不让我深深怀念！10年，21天，我们完成了阿里大环线的穿越。珠峰的夕照和普兰的宁静；玛旁雍措的深邃和拉昴措的诡异；古格的神秘和东嘎皮央遗址的凄凉；扎达的壮观和天堂般的文布；色林措的欢乐和仓姑寺的详和；以及一路相伴的藏野驴、藏羚羊、差点因高发下撤而割袍断义的兄弟和我的队友组成了我10年最美好的回忆。2011年，藏地五年计划的最后一年，我们走进了甘青川。。。 目录一、序二、出发前的纠结三、穿越夹金山四、西索民居和土司官寨五、关于马尔康的阿来和其它六、太阳河峡谷劳作的藏族小孩七、邂逅马尔康看花节八、色达：经幡扬起的是一颗宁静的心九、年龙寺：探访闭关修行的年龙上师仁波切十、班玛：天葬台、江日堂寺和非诚勿拢的刘婷婷十一、白玉寺：拜访著名的传奇人物----“年宝玉则的观鸟喇嘛”扎西桑俄十二、年宝玉则：僧人的笑容十三、放花无语对玛卿----穿越阿尼玛卿纪实十四、玛多：黄河之水天上来十五、走向共和十六、青海湖：不要问我从哪里来十七、大美祈连：卓尔山十八、阿柔大寺：最帅气喇嘛和可爱的藏民十九、门源：一片金色向着党 二十、西宁--合作：多民族聚集的和谐走廊二十一、扎尕那：遗世独立的非著名山峰 二十二、郎木寺：天葬台的诱惑二十三、红原：千回百转的黄河第一湾二十四、汶川：不能忘却的纪念二十五、结束语 二、出发前的纠结是甘川青还是川青甘？这是个问。时间进入到五月，10年同行阿里的队友开始活跃起来。西湖和本色不断邀约加入他们甘川青的队伍；我也开始谋划我的11年行程，但皆因种种不确定性没有允诺队友。首先是兄弟的不确定性，达华云里雾里，不置可否；另外一个刚加盟的小兄弟（耗子）想玩回大环线自驾；而我自己确定不了具体出发的时间。再者，今年，我必须得去色达。而西湖本色的队伍走的是甘-川-青，他们放弃了色达。而放弃色达是我不能容忍的。就这样，和原来阿里的队友失之交臂，以致于11年的行程只有风景，没有了风情；只有色彩，没有了精彩；只有英雄，没有了故事。五千公里的旷野，只有三个年近不惑的孤独的男人在自我装酷却无人欣赏。。。苏说，他就像旷野里的那只藏原羊一样孤独，只好不断地把白屁股炫耀以期待少许的目光。七月初，达华正式告知将携妻儿自驾；汶川突至暴雨和泥石流交通中断；而我家阁楼露台上的紫藤却突然枯萎。。。这无疑不是出发前的好兆头。耗子在暴雨、泥石流和枯萎的紫藤以及我们的七嘴八舌下终于决定放弃自驾。至此，我们终于决定七月初从成都出发。后来得知，本色当上了队长，拉起了原来阿里的队伍，过起了万花丛中一点绿的滋润日子；茗禅冒充强驴骗取信任穿越了贡嘎，留给我们的是嫉妒和羡慕；达华最终携妻带子自驾弃我们而去。。。七月，阿里英雄终于各自在路上。 三、穿越夹金山夹金山，并不是我们计划中的行程。汶川线的暴雨和泥石流让我们被迫放弃了原来的线路，我们只能绕道夹金山。夹金山，是一座英雄的山。夹金山位于四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州小金县南部，与著名的四姑娘山风景区毗邻，距成都250公里。夹金山也是当年中国工农红军一方面军万里长征与红四方面胜利会师的地方。夹金山从此载入中国革命历史的光荣史。2011年的7月，是红色的7月。我们的行程就从这红色的夹金山开始了。夹金山垭口 红军达维会师1935年6月，中国工农红军第一方面军翻越夹金山与红四方面军在四川省阿坝州小金县达维乡正式会师。如今，达维会师已成为一处重温红色记忆的旅游景点。70年后，这里也成了一个旅游胜地。这里，也是世界第一只大熊猫的科学发现地，尽管我们没有发现大熊猫。 傍晚的夹金山沐浴在夕阳中。夏日的夹金山却犹如沐浴在秋色之中，傍晚时分的一缕夕阳打在藏居上。当年的红军，也许无暇这样的风景。 四、西索民居和土司官寨傍晚，我们终于抵达马尔康郊外的西索民居和卓克基土司官寨。西索民居卓克基土司官寨西索民居独具嘉绒藏族特色，保持了嘉绒先民“垒石为室”的传统建筑风格，寨子鳞次栉比、错落有致，远目望去犹如一座壁垒森严的古堡。整个民居从远处鸟瞰，便会惊奇地发现西索藏寨酷似藏族八宝图案中的“花依”图案(状如“中华结”，代表释伽牟尼的心)，寨子中直来竖往、弯来拐去的青石板小道，把图案的线条展现的非常清晰。 藏寨全是三层石楼，底层饲养牲畜，第二层是厨房和住宿，三层是经堂和客房。民居建筑形如碉状，也称碉楼。房屋四周的墙体均用片石砌成,用黄泥粘合。墙体厚达1米,采用内直外收的砌法, 工匠们仅凭经验，砌出的石墙如刀切豆腐般整齐，棱角锐利，上窄下宽，整个墙体处于抗压状态,成为建筑的承重主体。加之内部木结构横梁的互相支撑拉合,整个建筑下大上小、重心向内、稳定性强。到最高处，碉楼四角顺势形成角锋，造成一种气势，最高处的石墙边缘加厚，避免墙表的平面化，增强立体感。房顶一分为二，前半部分为平顶，三面砌成矮墙；后半部分形成斜山式，覆盖石板或瓦。每层楼的窗户都外小内大，窗框很讲究，用上了雕刻、绘画、上彩等技巧，民族特色很浓。这种碉楼不仅冬暖夏凉，而且建筑艺术独特，审美价值高，就像一件件珍贵的艺术品。卓克基土司官寨位于距马尔康县城7公里的卓克基镇西索村。官寨依山而建，坐北朝南，被国际友人赞誉为“东方建筑史上的一颗明珠”。官寨始建于1918年清朝乾隆年间，为四层碉房，1936年毁于大火，1938年----1940年，土司索观赢组织人力进行重建。1935年7月，毛泽东同志及中央机关长征途中曾在官寨住宿一周。1988年，卓克基官寨被国务院列为第三批国家重点文物保护单位。卓克基土司官寨有着重要的历史文化以及丰富的旅游资源。 五、关于马尔康的阿来和其它值得说一句的是，马尔康是著名藏族作家阿来的家乡。阿来：1959年出生于马尔康，毕业于马尔康师范学校。2009年3月，阿来当选为四川省作协主席，现兼任中国作协副主席。从1994年《尘埃落定》写出至1998年出版其间，阿来由阿坝州一家杂志转辗到四川成都《科幻世界》由编辑到总编辑社长，《科幻世界》在阿来手里由一本杂志变为五六种，成为世界上发行量最大的科幻类杂志。数百万读者期待读到阿来新作。来之前，我不知道，马尔康就是阿来的家乡。在西索民居时，我的司机师傅轻轻说了一句：这就是阿来居住过的地方，小说《尘埃落定》的故事就发生在这里。轻描淡写的一句话，却触动了我的内心。阿来是我喜欢的一位作家。《尘埃落定》就是他的代表作，曾获得第五届茅盾文学奖。我喜欢的倒不是他的《尘埃落定》，而是他对西藏土地深沉的爱和对西藏发展自己独立的见解。虽然，我没看过他写的《格萨尔王》，但我欣赏他写《格萨尔王》的勇气和毅力。我有一本阿来的文集《看见》。在文中，阿来说：看哪，落定的尘埃又微微泛起，山间的大路上，细小的石英沙尘在阳光下闪烁出耀眼的光芒，在茫茫宇宙中漂浮不定。唉，一路都是落不定的尘埃！写完《格萨尔王》后，阿来说：王啊，今天我要把你的故事还给你，我要走出你的故事了。这是一个小说家的宿命，从一个故事向另一个故事漂泊。当一些所谓的有识之士忧虑于青藏铁路的建设时，阿来所说的话让我赞叹，他不同流和盲从于“有识之士”。阿来说：如果说，这条铁路的建成，对建设者是一个胜利，而对这条铁路经过的高原，对这条铁路所冲击的古老文化，对当地政府和老百姓，这到底是一个天降的福音，还是一个巨大的考验，全赖于面临这样一个新的机遇的人们有没有准备好去迎接挑战。我讨厌于一些看法。诸如，西藏的高原上架设高压线破坏景观；西藏的腹地通公路影响生态；西藏铁路和机场的建设是对环境和西藏文化的破坏。。。诸如此类，等等等等。当我们手拿IPAD，喝着咖啡，畅游在信息高速公路上时，我们有什么权力让西藏人民永远手持转筒匍匐着转经呢？五年了，当我周游在藏地时，更多看到的只是游客们猎奇的眼光和浅薄的认识，他们讨厌藏民用手机、讨厌藏民开着摩托车放牧；他们希望的西藏永远是原始、原始、再原始；他们希望把西藏割裂于现代文明之外。。。古老和现代的冲突是一个永恒的话。我崇拜甚至是膜拜西藏悠久的文化和宗教，但我也不排斥他们对现代文明和现代化的选择，我相信，这不是西藏人民的“被选择”。只是，在这种选择之前，正如阿来所说的，“全赖于面临这样一个新的机遇的人们有没有准备好去迎接挑战”。我想，在现代化、现代文明和西藏古老的历史、文化、宗教冲突中，我们不要做非此即彼的选择，我们所要关注的是，如何去寻找冲突间的结合点，以期待让西藏古老文化和宗教在现代文明前更加熠熠生辉，以期待西藏的环境在现代化面前妥善地予以保护。这才是真正考验政府和百姓的智慧。感谢阿来，祝福西藏。 六、太阳河峡谷劳作的藏族小孩这一天，除了色达五明佛学院让我震撼之外，就是这在田间劳作的藏族小孩的眼睛和笑容。 从清晨的马尔康醒来，昨晚的灯火辉煌已遗留在睡梦中。马尔康县城位于山谷之间，海拔并不高，只有2700米。县城规划整齐，湍急的索磨河穿城而过。清晨的马尔康夜幕下的马尔康霓虹闪烁，光影迷离。 在藏语里，马尔康的意思就是灯火旺盛的地方，据说此命名来至一位得道高僧。在藏地，这样的高僧往往又是伟大的预言家。今天，预言再次成真。我们沿着大渡河的上游---太阳河峡谷前行。山涧，雾气升腾。大渡河咆哮东去，雨后的太阳河峡谷清新诡异。晨雾中的藏居很是抢眼，早起的藏民已走向田间地头。 藏居、碉楼、高压塔。虽然，高压电线塔很不应景，但我希望大家更多的是看到它给西藏人民带来的光明而给以包容。有一种风景，她遗世独立。有一种力量，她坚如磐石。 有一种行走，叫做虔诚。也有一种行走，叫做造作。中午，我们来到了壤塘县大伊里村。这一路，最吸引我们的就是藏式民居。 这一带的藏式民居三楼均以柳条编制而成，上宽下窄，俨然穿上铠甲的将士。 就在这样的环境里日出而作，繁衍生息。大伊里乡其实是个重点扶持的富裕乡。对口帮扶让他们过上了现代生活。在这红色的七月，需常怀感恩之心。大伊里乡瓜果青翠，花香四溢。([]
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